#Risk of rain 3 december 2018 update
We have not incorporated this information into our view of water chlorination interventions, but will do so in our next update on this work. We have very recently been made aware of a recent unpublished meta-analysis of the effect of water treatment on all-cause child mortality, including three studies of the effect of water chlorination on all-cause child mortality. There are also plausible mechanisms by which diarrheal rates may not be closely dependent on household water quality. However, a number of factors complicate the interpretation of this body of evidence: self-report of diarrhea, risk of bias from lack of blinding, and variable adherence to treatment. Our best guess is that water chlorination interventions prevent diarrhea in children under five years of age. However, due to the interim status of our investigation into Dispensers for Safe Water, we have not closely analyzed the methodology or results of monitoring of dispenser use.ĭoes water chlorination prevent under-5 diarrhea?
#Risk of rain 3 december 2018 free
Our understanding is that levels of free chlorine residual (chlorine which remains available for disinfection) were, at least in 2015, slightly lower than levels of total chlorine residual. Therefore, measuring total chlorine residual measures whether the water was ever chlorinated (adoption rate) but does not necessarily indicate whether the water is disinfected. Total chlorine residual is the sum of free chlorine, chlorine which remains available for disinfection, and combined chlorine, a product of chlorine's chemical reactions. The results of these visits are presented on the Dispensers for Safe Water webpage: Dispenser Data as Total Dispenser Adoption Rates, showing around 50% adoption. In brief, it tests for both total chlorine residual and free chlorine residual in the water of randomly sampled households during unannounced visits. We discuss what we know about how Dispensers for Safe Water monitors dispenser use below. We have not evaluated water storage techniques or storage duration in communities served by Dispensers for Safe Water.ĭispensers for Safe Water states that it installs and repairs dispensers, provides refills of chlorine, engages with the community, and conducts monitoring and evaluation of the program. Dispensers for Safe Water believes that water treated in this way remains disinfected for 2-3 days. 5Ĭhlorine disinfects water by chemically reacting with microorganisms over a period of time, such as during the walk home from the water source ( more).
4Ĭommunity members can dispense a pre-measured amount of diluted chlorine into their water container prior to collecting water from the source.
3ĭispensers for Safe Water provides chlorine dispensers at wells and other water sources in rural and remote communities of Kenya, Uganda, and Malawi. ( More)Įvidence Action was formed in 2013 and at that time managed two programs: the Deworm the World Initiative (formerly Deworm the World) and Dispensers for Safe Water, both previously managed by Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA). Evidence Action told us that it could use up to $4.7 million per year to maintain current operations and $7.2 million to expand the program in 2018-2020. Is there room for more funding? We have not thoroughly evaluated Dispensers for Safe Water's room for more funding. What do you get for your dollar? Our rough cost-effectiveness analysis of Dispensers for Safe Water suggests that the program is in a similar range of cost-effectiveness as unconditional cash transfer programs. We have not thoroughly evaluated Dispensers for Safe Water's monitoring. The program carries out surveys to gather data on the implementation and impact of the program, including whether dispensers are correctly installed, what the quality of the water is at baseline, and whether chlorine is present in water at the household level. ( More)ĭoes it work? We believe that there is strong evidence that chlorination is biochemically effective at inactivating most diarrhea-causing microorganisms, but weaker evidence on the causal relationship between water chlorination programs and reductions in under-5 diarrhea and death. What do they do? The Dispensers for Safe Water program ( ) provides chlorine dispensers for decontamination of drinking water to prevent diarrhea and associated deaths of young children.
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